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S  0 ``  X*  0d `   Z*  0$ `   Z*<  c $޽h ? "  Blank 0 Pd(  d d 0 P    T*   d 0     V*  d d c $ ?   d 0  @  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!    S  d 6 `P   T*   d 6@ `   V*  H d 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.Bt~  VN0(    S ؝`0<$ 0     0Ĩ`  j OUTLINE Why give presentations? How to give tutorial presentations: General advice on presentations:"kj H  0޽h ? "  `0 (  0 0 S <`0<$ 0   B 0 0O`~ PHate giving presentations? You are not alone: Wallechinsky et al (1977): Asked 3000 Americans  What do you fear most? 41% placed public speaking at the top of their list (above the fear of sickness, loneliness or death& ) We are all utterly terrified of making a fool of ourselves in public.T)-X  -H 0 0޽h ? "W  4( l\ 4 4 S A`0<$ 0    4 0``~ YWhy do we have to give presentations? It is highly unlikely that your career path will allow you to avoid speaking your mind publicly. Information is redundant if it is not shared. Organisations are aware that people prefer listening to messages rather than reading them. Speaking to more than one person allows a healthy and dynamic exchange of views. There are also many cases outside of a career where an ability to speak publicly is incredibly useful.pg% b  gH 4 0޽h ? "  XP8( H  8R 8 s * 00 8 0ts`~ PlWhy do we have to give presentations? In order to produce a good presentation you must be able to Organise and summarise complex information effectively. Communicate this information clearly. Manage time efficiently. Respond appropriately to unpredictable questions. These are all skills which will help you learn. These are also highly marketable skills.d[% ;    Z,/) 8 S /`0<$ 0   H 8 0޽h ? "    !( ޽h    S l0 `<$ 0   C  0P0 \TL___PPT9.&  Types of tutorial presentation: Present a paper (written by someone else) Present an argument / answer a question (essentially an essay title) Presenting a paper is easier than presenting an argument. But there is plenty of opportunity for humiliation in both.B tx tx @`H  0޽h ? "  <Z( a < < S L0 `<$ 0   | < 00PH@___PPT9" <How not to present a research paper: Go into great detail over the experimental design and procedures Spend ages describing the results in minute detail Utterly fail to convey any sense of why the experiment was done in the first place Utterly fail to convey any sense of what the implications of the results areV% @`H < 0޽h ? "  |D(   D D S T0 `<$ 0   6 D 0pjbZ___PPT9<4 dHow to present a research paper: Describe the background to the paper: Define key terms Outline other relevant findings Describe the specific questions the research is addressing Briefly describe the experimental method Describe the most important results Discuss how these results relate to other findings. Discuss the wider implications of the results / any criticisms you have.!(1   '1?    1       @`H D 0޽h ? "  f^H(   H H S 0 `<$ 0    H 0p \TL___PPT9.& T<How not to do an essay based presentation: Write an essay and then read it out& How to do an essay based presentation: Structure: say what you re going to say, say it and then say what you said. Powerpoint: Use visual aids to stimulate audience and cue the points you want to cover.+#  && C M N @`H H 0޽h ? "N  0P( 0 P P S 0 `@<$ 0   r P 00` p Avoid colloquialisms ( sort of or  kinda ) Try to avoid erms and ums. You want your audience to respect you, not like you. Try to speak more slowly than you would normally. Use pauses for emphasis (as opposed to raising your voice) Don t let your voice fade away at the end of sentences.99H$8<l L6 P 0P;PH@___PPT9" ~ Finding the right register: Most speech is conversational. Most written text is grammatically convoluted. Getting the right balance between formality and informality in a presentation is very tricky.TO ^  kK{H P 0޽h ? "   JBPX(  X X S O0 `@<$ 0  O  X 0Op$PH@___PPT9" D6 Anxiety reduction The easiest way to reduce anxiety is to have a well prepared and well rehearsed presentation. However, if nerves are still a problem, try the following& Visualisation: Imagine yourself giving a brilliant presentation. Breath deeply. Relax muscles / Release tension. Take a script which you can read if all else fails. Do something else really stressful just before& (drastic, but works!) Unfortunately, the most effective treatment for public speaking anxiety is exposure. E.g. it gets better with practice.ly  xb@ 3Y9iH X 0޽h ? "X   pT(  T T S  O0 `@<$ 0  O  T 0 Op$PH@___PPT9"  Know your audience: This is easy for you - they will be fellow students plus a tutor. In other words, the majority will know as much or less than you do about the topic. Academics have to face a wide variety of different audiences. I have talked about my research to: Members of the public and NHS managers Trainee psychiatrists Primary school children Psychologists In each case, the talk had to be tailored appropriately, but a good general rule is that it pays to keep things simple.gyA S a f xaY9iH T 0޽h ? "|   ,$(    S /O`p$ 0  OPH___PPT2001$F   08BO &Preparing your overheads: Use Powerpoint (or Word for text transparencies) Don t use anything less than a 24pt font. Aim for about 8 slides for a 15 minute talk. Do not put more than 4 or 5 pieces of information on each slide. Make sure the slide contains information which will prompt you to make the points you want to make. D96  (H  0޽h ? "1N   NF( ޽h   S RO<$D 0  O 8  0UO`$D 0PH___PPT2001$D F L DO NOT DO THIS  1  0ZO$D  0PH___PPT2001$D F E OR THIS   A  0|_O$D  0PH___PPT2001$D F U IT IS NOT BIG OR CLEVER  >  0dO$D  0PH___PPT2001$D F R AND IT GETS ANNOYING  H  0޽h ? "GG___PPT10cG.VE+D7E' z= @B DD' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D{' =%(D#' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*D' =%(D' =%(D@' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*Dy' =%(D!' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =+4 8?`CB ppt_xBCB1+ppt_w/2B*Y3>B ppt_x<*D' =+4 8?`CB ppt_yBCB0-ppt_h/2B*Y3>B ppt_y<*D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+#.<*%(Du' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*D' =+K4 8?CBB#ppt_x+(cos(-2*pi*(1-$))*-#ppt_x-sin(-2*pi*(1-$))*(1-#ppt_y))*(1-$)CB?B*Y3>B ppt_x<*D' =+K4 8?CBB#ppt_y+(sin(-2*pi*(1-$))*-#ppt_x+cos(-2*pi*(1-$))*(1-#ppt_y))*(1-$)CB?B*Y3>B ppt_y<*D' =%(D' =%(D+' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =+4 8?PCB ppt_wBCBB*Y3>B ppt_w<*D' =+4 8?PCB ppt_hBCBB*Y3>B ppt_h<*D ' =+ 4 8? CB ppt_xBC2B]ppt_x+-0.0500*(ppt_x*0.9511+(1-ppt_y)*0.3090)BCdB]ppt_x+-0.1000*(ppt_x*0.8090+(1-ppt_y)*0.5878)BCB]ppt_x+-0.1500*(ppt_x*0.5878+(1-ppt_y)*0.8090)BCB]ppt_x+-0.2000*(ppt_x*0.3090+(1-ppt_y)*0.9511)BCB_ppt_x+-0.2500*(ppt_x*-0.0000+(1-ppt_y)*1.0000)BC,B_ppt_x+-0.3000*(ppt_x*-0.3090+(1-ppt_y)*0.9511)BC^B_ppt_x+-0.3500*(ppt_x*-0.5878+(1-ppt_y)*0.8090)BCB_ppt_x+-0.4000*(ppt_x*-0.8090+(1-ppt_y)*0.5878)BCB_ppt_x+-0.4500*(ppt_x*-0.9511+(1-ppt_y)*0.3090)BCBappt_x+-0.5000*(ppt_x*-1.0000+(1-ppt_y)*-0.0000)BC&Bappt_x+-0.5500*(ppt_x*-0.9511+(1-ppt_y)*-0.3090)BCXBappt_x+-0.6000*(ppt_x*-0.8090+(1-ppt_y)*-0.5878)BCBappt_x+-0.6500*(ppt_x*-0.5878+(1-ppt_y)*-0.8090)BCBappt_x+-0.7000*(ppt_x*-0.3090+(1-ppt_y)*-0.9511)BCB_ppt_x+-0.7500*(ppt_x*0.0000+(1-ppt_y)*-1.0000)BC B_ppt_x+-0.8000*(ppt_x*0.3090+(1-ppt_y)*-0.9511)BCRB_ppt_x+-0.8500*(ppt_x*0.5878+(1-ppt_y)*-0.8090)BCB_ppt_x+-0.9000*(ppt_x*0.8090+(1-ppt_y)*-0.5878)BCB_ppt_x+-0.9500*(ppt_x*0.9511+(1-ppt_y)*-0.3090)BCB]ppt_x+-1.0000*(ppt_x*1.0000+(1-ppt_y)*0.0000)B*Y3>B ppt_x<*D ' =+ 4 8? CB ppt_yBC2B]ppt_y+-0.0500*(ppt_x*0.3090-(1-ppt_y)*0.9511)BCdB]ppt_y+-0.1000*(ppt_x*0.5878-(1-ppt_y)*0.8090)BCB]ppt_y+-0.1500*(ppt_x*0.8090-(1-ppt_y)*0.5878)BCB]ppt_y+-0.2000*(ppt_x*0.9511-(1-ppt_y)*0.3090)BCB_ppt_y+-0.2500*(ppt_x*1.0000-(1-ppt_y)*-0.0000)BC,B_ppt_y+-0.3000*(ppt_x*0.9511-(1-ppt_y)*-0.3090)BC^B_ppt_y+-0.3500*(ppt_x*0.8090-(1-ppt_y)*-0.5878)BCB_ppt_y+-0.4000*(ppt_x*0.5878-(1-ppt_y)*-0.8090)BCB_ppt_y+-0.4500*(ppt_x*0.3090-(1-ppt_y)*-0.9511)BCBappt_y+-0.5000*(ppt_x*-0.0000-(1-ppt_y)*-1.0000)BC&Bappt_y+-0.5500*(ppt_x*-0.3090-(1-ppt_y)*-0.9511)BCXBappt_y+-0.6000*(ppt_x*-0.5878-(1-ppt_y)*-0.8090)BCBappt_y+-0.6500*(ppt_x*-0.8090-(1-ppt_y)*-0.5878)BCBappt_y+-0.7000*(ppt_x*-0.9511-(1-ppt_y)*-0.3090)BCB_ppt_y+-0.7500*(ppt_x*-1.0000-(1-ppt_y)*0.0000)BC B_ppt_y+-0.8000*(ppt_x*-0.9511-(1-ppt_y)*0.3090)BCRB_ppt_y+-0.8500*(ppt_x*-0.8090-(1-ppt_y)*0.5878)BCB_ppt_y+-0.9000*(ppt_x*-0.5878-(1-ppt_y)*0.8090)BCB_ppt_y+-0.9500*(ppt_x*-0.3090-(1-ppt_y)*0.9511)BCB]ppt_y+-1.0000*(ppt_x*0.0000-(1-ppt_y)*1.0000)B*Y3>B ppt_y<*D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+#.<*%(D' =%(DU' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D#' =+4 8?nCB!#ppt_x+#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_hBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*D9' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBB B0B%(D ' =+4 8?XCB ppt_hBCB ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*D' =+4 8?(CB ppt_wBC2B0.92*ppt_wBCdB0.71*ppt_wBCB0.38*ppt_wBCBBCB-0.38*ppt_wBC,B-0.71*ppt_wBC^B-0.92*ppt_wBCB-ppt_wBCB-0.92*ppt_wBCB-0.71*ppt_wBC&B-0.38*ppt_wBCXBBCB0.38*ppt_wBCB0.71*ppt_wBCB0.92*ppt_wBC B ppt_wBCRB0.92*ppt_wBCB0.71*ppt_wBCB0.38*ppt_wBCBB*Y3>B ppt_w<*D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+#.<*%(D_' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*Dp' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BB BB0B%(D)' K=+4 8?^CBhiddenBCBvisibleB*o3>+#.<*D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+#.<*%(J++0+ ++0+ ++0+ ++0+ ++0+ ++0+ ++0+ ++0+ ++0+ +   WO( ޽h   S ~O`p<$D 0  O Q  0`' $D 0PH___PPT2001$F e) This can also be annoying (if overused)  *)  HA ??8 $D  0H  0޽h ? "e]___PPT10=.+Di' z= @B D$' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D{' =%(D#' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*D' =%(D' =%(D@' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*D' =%(D' =%(DD' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =-s6Bwipe(down)*<3<*D' =%(D' =%(DD' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =-s6Bwipe(down)*<3<*D' =%(D' =%(DD' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =-s6Bwipe(down)*<3<*D' =%(D' =%(DD' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =-s6Bwipe(down)*<3<*D' =%(D' =%(DD' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =-s6Bwipe(down)*<3<*D' =%(D' =%(DD' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+#.<*%(D' =-s6Bwipe(down)*<3<*++0+ ++0+ ++(++   3( ޽h    S O`p<$ 0  O U  0آOnV O Practice giving the presentation to a friendly audience and ask them for honest and constructive criticism. Be prepared for it to hurt! Act on it. Finishing on time is very important, and requires practice. So practice out loud on your own with a clock. Practice can be counter productive - if its just winding you up, stop!n n pGH  0޽h ? "___PPT10e+D=' ʀ= @B +,  (l(  ( ( S ̹O`p$D 0  OPH___PPT2001$D F 6 ( 0O 0 R Make eye contact. Talk clearly to the back of the audience. Don t mumble the ends of sentences. Be enthusiastic (or pretend& ) Ask the tutor to warn you when you have two minutes left. The only way it gets better is to give more talks. Book yourself a treat for immediately afterwards.he[hf  H ( 0޽h ? ":  0,z(  , , S O`p$D 0  OPH___PPT2001$D F D , 0O`  t Repeat questions for the benefit of the audience (and to give yourself extra thinking time). Be honest when answering questions, especially if you have no idea of the answer. Don t be afraid to ask the questioner to be clearer. Don t be afraid or ashamed to let someone else in the room answer the question. ;:,^PH , 0޽h ? 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